Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Science. Show all posts

Directional Joke

While driving, if you're speeding and going the wrong direction, are you velociting?

Shouldn't the police only give one ticket for this violation?

I thought of that bad joke while listening to Speed and Velocity by They Might be Giants. While driving, of course.

Explaining Pluto's Status to a Three-Year-Old

I received a solar system kit from Nana for Christmas.



Now Pluto did come with the kit, but I didn't add him. Why? Because he's not a planet anymore, based on the new definition by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

Luca asked the same question, and I had to think for a minute how I could explain this to him. There are a few main components of what makes up a planet (simplified):
  1. Orbit: All planets orbit a star.
  2. Shape: Each planet is nearly round.
  3. Neighborhood: Each planet has cleared its orbital neighborhood of other stuff.
The last criteria excludes Pluto from planethood, since there's still a lot of junk in its orbital path.

So I told Luca, "Pluto isn't a planet because he didn't clean up his room."

By the way, here are some new, spectacular images of Earth:

The New Blue Marble West
The New Blue Marble East

Happy Carl Sagan Day!

Today is National Carl Sagan Day, to commemorate the amazing astronomer, astrophysicist, and general science lover who hosted the PBS show Cosmos.

Go make an apple pie in his honor!



Lyrics

(Carl Sagan's lyrics written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan and Steven Soter)

[Carl Sagan]
If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch
You must first invent the universe

Space is filled with a network of wormholes
You might emerge somewhere else in space
Some when-else in time

The sky calls to us
If we do not destroy ourselves
We will one day venture to the stars

A still more glorious dawn awaits
Not a sunrise, but a galaxy rise
A morning filled with 400 billion suns
The rising of the milky way

The Cosmos is full beyond measure of elegant truths
Of exquisite interrelationships
Of the awesome machinery of nature

I believe our future depends powerfully
On how well we understand this cosmos
In which we float like a mote of dust
In the morning sky

But the brain does much more than just recollect
It inter-compares, it synthesizes, it analyzes
it generates abstractions

The simplest thought like the concept of the number one
Has an elaborate logical underpinning
The brain has its own language
For testing the structure and consistency of the world

[Hawking]
For thousands of years
People have wondered about the universe
Did it stretch out forever
Or was there a limit

From the big bang to black holes
From dark matter to a possible big crunch
Our image of the universe today
Is full of strange sounding ideas

[Sagan]
How lucky we are to live in this time
The first moment in human history
When we are in fact visiting other worlds

The surface of the earth is the shore of the cosmic ocean
Recently we've waded a little way out
And the water seems inviting

Organ Donation

Lego
Source: http://xkcd.com/659/. Comic Image Copyright Randall Monroe at xkcd.com.
Learn more about organ donation at YesIWillWisconsin.com.

Correlation is Not Causation: Comic Form

Today, xkcd.com came out with a new comic about the correlation-causation fallacy:

Correlation - from xkcd.com

The mouse-over text says: "Correlation doesn't imply causation, but it does waggle its eyebrows suggestively and gesture furtively while mouthing 'look over there'."

Histiocytosis

Our friend Carla has cystic fibrosis, and each year she works hard to promote awareness and generate funds for research by participating in the Great Strides CFF fundraiser. Inspired by her activities, I wanted to do something with our journal to help promote awareness of a disease I had when I was younger--Histiocytosis. So, I contacted the Histiocytosis Association of America to obtain a graphic to use on our site. It's been up on our site under the "Recommended Sites" portion of the site's sidebar, with a hyperlink to the HAA website. Histiocytosis is also under-funded and few people, even doctors, know about it.

The Histiocytosis Association of America describes the disease:
"Histiocytosis is a rare blood disease that is caused by an excess of white blood cells called histiocytes. The histiocytes cluster together and can attack the skin, bones, lung, liver, spleen, gums, ears, eyes, and/or the central nervous system. The disease can range from limited involvement that spontaneously regresses to progressive multiorgan involvement that can be chronic and debilitating. In some cases, the disease can be life-threatening.

"In some ways, histiocytosis is similar to cancer and has historically been treated by oncologists with chemotherapy and radiation. Unlike cancer, histiocytosis sometimes goes into remission without treatment.

"The vast majority of people diagnosed with histiocytosis are children under the age of 10, but it is also found in adults of all ages.

"It is approximated that histiocytosis affects 1 in 200,000 children born each year in the United States. This illness is so rare, there is little research into its cause and treatment, and it is often referred to as an 'orphan disease,' meaning it strikes too few people to generate government - supported research."
When I was about 8 years old, I broke my arm and it did not heal very quickly. According to my mother, I suffered from a great deal of pain, and most doctors either didn't know what to do or diagnosed me with the wrong condition. Eventually, a doctor, Dr. Fry, listened to my mother's pleas for help and delved further into my symptoms. I had multiple surgeries on my neck and head, including brain surgery, to remove tumors. The doctors hoped to find live cells to determine what the disease was. Eventually, we found out I had Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), at that time called Histiocytosis X.

My symptoms included skin rashes, bone lesions (including one on my skull), generalized pain, and tumors in my neck and head area. Fortunately, I was older when the disease onset, and I was able to tolerate years of chemotherapy to keep the disease at bay. The disease is more common with babies, and often they do not survive.

As an auto-immune disorder with characteristics similar to cancer, the treatment methodology is very similar to cancer treatment: Weaken the immune system to keep the disease at bay until the disease dies or the patient "grows out" of it. I believe I was on chemo long enough to just grow out of it. Chemotherapy lasted somewhere between 6 and 7 years for me, usually weekly, with the doctors attempting to space out treatment to every other week up to once a month. At times, the doctors thought the disease was coming back and I went back to weekly treatments. I remember very little during that time.

During college, I learned that the hippocampus, the area of the brain that deals with forming new memories, can stop encoding new memories during time of great stress. I believe this happened to me, and the evidence is that I cannot recall certain events or the sequence of events during this time of my life. When chemo ended, I was a teenager in high school. My classmates didn't really know who I was because I was out sick so often (2-3 times per week when I would receive treatment).

In March, it will be 11 years since I finished chemotherapy, and I am thriving. I have no major health concerns. I sometimes think there are lingering problems from being on chemotherapy so long, or simply from having the disease. However, these are relatively minor, and do not retract from my quality of life. As my dad noted at the wedding, the doctors weren't even sure I could have children. Weren't they wrong!

During my time struggling with the disease, my mom took me to see doctors, drove me to chemo in Madison or Monroe every week, sat with me during treatments and preparation for surgery, and took care of me at home. I appreciate everything she did to help me. This entry is dedicated to my mom, Carla, my family, and everyone who helped me during that time. Thank you all so much.

Happy Birthday Mom. I love you.

Parenting Class and Pregnancy Data Collection

Kyra and I started attending a parenting class at Meriter Hospital last night. It was a lot of fun, and I enjoyed learning more about the birthing experience. We watched a video of a birth, and I was surprised to see that, once the head is through, the baby comes out rather quickly. And to think that if we didn't have such large brains, giving birth would be so much easier and faster! It is remarkable that the birthing process and brain capacity evolved together. So if you like being able to think, thank your mother for giving you space to develop the capacity to do so!

In a related entry, the journal author "Female Science Professor" recalled how, during her pregnancy, she developed gestational diabetes and decided to closely monitor her blood sugar and related data. She extensively graphed her data, and her doctors were amazed by data management abilities and what I would say was her unique approach to coping with her diabetes.

I thought this was very interesting as I had considered graphing some of the data from Kyra's pregnancy. I had thought of graphing her weight, but I didn't want her to feel even more self-concious about it. Measuring her abdomen would also be interesting, espeically in correlation to her weight. Other data we could graph could include her blood pressure, her pulse rate, or various occurrences (fetal movement and/or position, illness, sleep difficulty, etc.). If I did start collecting data, I would like to post some of it online here.

Any other ideas for data we could collect? What esle could we do with this data?

A bit of pseudoscience to end the entry: A new report came out last week about how mother's brain activity changes depending on the mood of the child. Like other reports about the brain activity and behavior connection, this report makes claims that it really cannot support. Just because there is brain activity in a certain area does not mean it is related to this or that activity, behavior, emotion, being a mother, or babies. There is something interesting going on, but we really aren't 100% certain what these indications of activity mean, much less what the connection is to behavior or anything else. This type of science is very interpretive or subjective, so it's hard to say what all this means. Nonetheless, the connection is there and it is interesting, but we have to be careful in interpreting meaning.

Rare Event

This doesn't happen often - fireworks, lightning, and a comet all in one event and one aggregated picture.


For more interesting photos I find online, see my photo clippings blog.

Pseudoscience: Not Even Wrong

I was reading some entries in Google Reader today, when I read about the phrase "not even wrong," which is often applied to pseudoscience and theories based on ideas that are known to be wrong or unprovable/untestable. The example I read about today, from Improbable Research, states that the Democrats running for President have ideas about the government that run counter to our "very nature" based on "American" DNA. Right.

It is claimed that the phrase came from a physicist who, upon reviewing another physicist's paper, said, "That's not right. It's not even wrong." Wikipedia claims that the phrase is "mildly derogatory" (as of May 17, 2008). I find the phrase amusing and may apply it in the future.

Okay, now back to wedding preparations. I shouldn't be procrastinating (read that, it's interesting, as always with Robin).

Topic Series

I (Chris) will be writing in this journal about various topics. I started writing about common logical flaws in science in two previous entries (the correlation = causation fallacy), and I will continue that series with entries labeled "Science + Pseudoscience." I would like to expand that series to include my experience in educational research and other science topics.

Additionally, I am going to start writing about "frameworks." Frameworks, to me, are sets of ideas or theories for viewing the world or making changes in the world. Every so often I come up with an idea that I would like to write about in this series, and I have been jotting them down for a few years. At first, I was going to write an entirely different journal about it, but I concluded I didn't have enough content for a separate journal.

So, I will start writing about these series here in between entries about the wedding, the pregnancy, and our life in general. If you are not interested in reading about these series, feel free to skip them. I think I will preface the series with a particular title, like "Frameworks for..." At any rate, I would like to read your ideas about them too, so feel free to provide comments if you are interested.

Pseudoscience: Another Fallacy Example

Here's another article about the reading/brain link. It commits, again, the correlation = causation fallacy: that when people process information in those areas of the brain it means something (like, this is the meaning processing area), or that because there are differences in the active areas between boys and girls, there is something different about them in the way they learn or anything else.

I think this shows that girls and boys are probably raised to process information differently than one another. The article notes that the differences decrease over time, which may mean that boys are developmentally catching up or they're finally being taught to read the same way as girls, whether at home or at school. (Also note the small sample sizes and the fact that the samples cut across ages. This is inappropriate in this type of developmental research. Ideally, you'd have at least 30 children of each age or age group, e.g., 30 from age 8-9.)

Don't get me wrong, I do think there are differences between male and female brain types, but I think they are small, and this study does not prove that there are any differences due to genetics or brain maturation alone. I think these differences are probably due to societal differences ("nurture").

Scientific American: Are Women Really Better at Language?

Pseudoscience: The Correlation = Causation Fallacy and Disease Mongering

On NPR this morning, I heard about how doctors are finding out that treating a certain number associated with your health, for example, cholesterol levels, may not reduce chance of the targeted outcome, for example, heart attacks. I think this is an example of the correlation = causation fallacy. High cholesterol may be associated with increased chances of heart attacks, but that doesn't mean high cholesterol causes heart attacks. In one study presented, the researchers found that decreasing cholesterol may not decrease arterial plaque, the leading cause of heart attacks. In this example, numerous third variables could exist, lifestyle choices being the most prominent, such as diet, exercise, and stress levels.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88650768

The correlation = causation fallacy is apparent in many aspects of our lives, and we need to be vigilant to such logical errors in order to avoid being duped by marketers trying to sell us anything from a "sexy" van admired by a sexy woman or a drug pushed for a "disease." (There’s a new TV advertisement with this woman in a bikini admiring a van, almost as if she wants the van sexually, which is reinforced by what she says: "Say it again." It’s a weird commercial, and it drives my fiancée crazy.)

In a similar vein, I recently read an article about "disease mongering"—basically, the selling of a medication by telling the public about the existence, prevalence, or severity of mild health or life problems as diseases treatable by the medication. I noticed this in the promotion of drugs for "restless leg syndrome." My fiancée, Kyra, has noted that my legs fidget in the middle of the night. I've noticed my legs fidget at night and other times, even now sitting at my desk at work, and I don't think it's a problem, as I am not kept awake by it as far as I can tell, and it doesn’t bother me during other times. (It could be one reason I like to dance!) However, according to new advertisements, restless leg syndrome may be keeping me awake at night, and what do you know!, the company has a pill I can take, although it may cause high blood pressure, headaches, nausea, and in rare cases, sudden death (just kidding, I don't really know the side-effects, although I might not be too far off). The sale of a drug for this rather mild problem is a good example of disease mongering. (There may be people out there who have this so bad that it does cause problems. However, I would think that some sort of lifestyle change—for example, more exercise—would alleviate the problem.)

Here's an excerpt and a link to the original article about disease mongering:
"Through the work of investigative journalists, we have learned how informal alliances of pharmaceutical corporations, public relations companies, doctors’ groups, and patient advocates promote these ideas to the public and policymakers—often using mass media to push a certain view of a particular health problem. While these different stakeholders may come to these alliances with different motives, there is often a confluence of interests—resulting in health problems routinely being framed as widespread, severe, and treatable with pills, as has happened recently with social anxiety disorder [5]. Currently, these alliances are working with the media to popularize little-known conditions, such as restless legs syndrome [6] and female sexual dysfunction [7], in each case lending credence to inflated prevalence estimates. In the case of female sexual dysfunction, there has been a serious, though heavily contested, attempt to convince the public in the United States that 43% of women live with this condition (see pp. 175–195 in [2]). This is happening at a time when pharmaceutical companies perceive a need to build and maintain markets for their big-selling products and when pipelines for new and genuinely innovative medicines are perceived as being weak." (Moynihan & Henry, online)
If you're interested in reading more about this type of "Bad Science," I recommend reading the website and online journal named after its topic by Ben Goldacre:

http://www.badscience.net/

References

Moynihan, R, & Henry, D. (2006). The fight against disease mongering: Generating knowledge for action. PLoS Med, 3(4): e191. Retrieved March 20, 2008 from http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030191